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• Enigma-tv Windows Server Crack

The work of the British codebreakers at Bletchley Park during World War II is now a famous tale of genius, perseverance and success that saved the lives of civilians and troops alike and supposedly shortened the war by as many as two years. Using mathematical and deciphering skills as well as innovative computer technology, the supposedly unbreakable Enigma code was cracked, allowing British intelligence to discover where hostile U-boats, ships and troops were heading so that Allied troop and convoy vessels could alter their routes accordingly. The Enigma machine was so complex that its most advanced incarnation could be configured 158,962,555,217,826,360,000 different ways but had one flaw which led to its downfall - no letter could be substituted for itself.

Even with this knowledge it took years many brilliant men to women months to crack the code. Now almost 75 years on, artificial intelligence (AI) can unscramble an Enigma-encoded message in less than 15 minutes. At the Imperial War Museum last week, two companies – DigitalOcean and Enigma Pattern – used the latest AI technology to decipher a German message in a live demonstration. What is the Enigma Machine?

Author Simon Singh, who has written on code breaking, explained the context and the importance of the encrypting machine. It was created before World War II but it did not have much use so the companies that created it went bust, explained Singh. It was the militarisation of Nazi Germany that really provided the environment for it to be useful.

Looking like a large typewriter, it is a machine that can provide millions of different ways of scrambling messages through using three to five rotors which substituted the original letters for alternatives. So, when you press a letter a lamp will light up, but due to the rotors moving, it’s never a static swap - you could type the same letter repeatedly and get a different result each time.

“Spaghetti wiring inside each of those rotors that changes one letter into a different letter,” Singh explained. “But what’s clever about the Enigma is that these keep moving.” The results could be further complicated by changing the order of the rotors and tweaking the wiring according to daily pre-set daily keys which would be known by both the sender of the message and the recipient. All these variations made it extremely challenging for codebreakers who only had the encoded message in their possession.

Who were the codebreakers at Bletchley Park? Alan Turing is the most famous of the group of codebreakers who worked at the top secret Milton Keynes site, but he had an expert team alonside him.

Experienced cryptologists Dilly Knox and Nigel de Grey led the efforts at Bletchley Park alongside recent Cambridge and Oxford University graduates such as Gordon Welchman, Joan Clarke and Bill Tutte. How was the code broken during World War II? The work at Bletchley Park built on brilliant Polish codebreaking intelligence that was smuggled out of Poland, through France and on to London. In 1940, cryptologist Marian Rejewski broke the Enigma code in the presence of Alan Turing during their meeting in Paris. — Polish Embassy UK (@PolishEmbassyUK) One key breakthrough occurred when codebreaker Mavis Batey received a message that did not contain a single 'w' among some 200 characters of apparent gibberish.

Using the knowledge that each letter cannot be substituted as itself, she therefore was able to work out the coding. “It’s a huge job, but it could be done,” said Singh, on this seemingly impossible deduction.

Computers such as the Colossus computer and the Bombe mechanised the process. How was the code broken with artificial intelligence? Using DigitalOcean’s cloud servers and artificial intelligence software from Enigma Pattern, a short German message was decoded at the Imperial War Museum.

The software had been trained to learn German through Grimm’s Fairy Tales, and was tested on an Enigma machine that had 15,354,393,600 password variants. By using an array of servers, millions of different combinations could be tested simultaneously before the artificial intelligence could pinpoint those results it recognised as German. Lukasz Kuncewicz, head data scientist at Enigma Pattern, explained how the same artificial intelligence software could also be used in healthcare, financial services or to crack passwords. What was the impact of cracking the code? Historians have estimated that the cracking of the Enigma machine shortened World War II by as much as two years. However, for 30 years after the war the importance of the codebreakers remained a secret: it is believed that Enigma machines were still used to send diplomatic messages up until the 1970s - with the senders unaware that British intelligence could actually read these 'unbreakable' dispatches.

Contents. 1900 1903. Magician and inventor disrupts 's public demonstration of 's purportedly secure technology, sending insulting messages through the auditorium's projector. 1930s 1932.

Polish cryptologists, and broke the code. 1939., and worked together to develop the (on the basis of Rejewski's works on ). The 's use of a reliably small key space makes it vulnerable to brute force. 1940s 1943., general of the Vichy, hacked the system used by the Nazis to locate Jews. 1950s 1955. At, “hack” first came to mean fussing with machines.

The minutes of an April, 1955, meeting of the state that 'Mr. Eccles requests that anyone working or hacking on the electrical system turn the power off to avoid fuse blowing.'

1957., a blind seven-year-old boy with perfect pitch, discovered that whistling the fourth E above middle C (a frequency of 2600 Hz) would interfere with AT&T's automated telephone systems, thereby inadvertently opening the door for. 1960s. Various are used to interact with automated telephone systems. 1963. The first ever reference to malicious is ' in 's student newspaper, The Tech of hackers tying up the lines with, configuring the to make free calls, and accumulating large phone bills. 1965.

William D. Mathews from found a vulnerability in a running on an. The standard text editor on the system was designed to be used by one user at a time, working in one directory, and so created a temporary file with a constant name for all instantiations of the editor. The flaw was discovered when two system programmers were editing at the same time and the temporary files for the message-of-the day and the password file became swapped, causing the contents of the system CTSS password file to display to any user logging into the system. 1970s 1971. (later nicknamed Captain Crunch), his friend, and hit the news with an feature story.

1979. breaks into his first major computer system, the Ark, the computer system (DEC) used for developing their operating system software. 1980s 1980. The investigates a breach of security at., reporting on the incident in 1981, describes hackers as technical experts; skilled, often young, computer programmers, who almost whimsically probe the defenses of a computer system, searching out the limits and the possibilities of the machine. Despite their seemingly subversive role, hackers are a recognized asset in the computer industry, often highly prized The newspaper describes activities as part of a 'mischievous but perversely positive 'hacker' tradition'.

When a National CSS employee revealed the existence of his, which he had used on customer accounts, the company chastised him not for writing the software but for not disclosing it sooner. The letter of reprimand stated that 'The Company realizes the benefit to NCSS and in fact encourages the efforts of employees to identify security weaknesses to the VP, the directory, and other sensitive software in files'. 1981. forms in Germany.

Ian Murphy aka Captain Zap, was the first cracker to be tried and convicted as a felon. Murphy broke into AT&T's computers in 1981 and changed the internal clocks that metered billing rates. People were getting late-night discount rates when they called at midday.

Of course, the bargain-seekers who waited until midnight to call long distance were hit with high bills. 1983. break into 60 computer systems at institutions ranging from the to Manhattan's. The incident appeared as the cover story of with the title 'Beware: Hackers at play'. As a result, the U.S. House of Representatives held hearings on computer security and passed several laws. The group is formed in February, kicking off a series of other hacker groups which form soon after.

The movie introduces the wider public to the phenomenon of hacking and creates a degree of mass paranoia of hackers and their supposed abilities to bring the world to a screeching halt by launching nuclear. The U.S.

House of Representatives begins hearings on computer security hacking. In his lecture, mentions 'hacking' and describes a security exploit that he calls a '. 1984. Someone calling himself founds the. Named after a Saturday morning cartoon, the LOD had the reputation of attracting 'the best of the best'—until one of the most talented members called feuded with Legion of Doomer and got 'tossed out of the clubhouse'. Phiber's friends formed a rival group, the. The gives the Secret Service jurisdiction over.

forms in, and begins publishing its. The magazine 2600 begins regular publication, right when was putting out its final issue. The editor of 2600, ' (whose real name is ), takes his handle from the leader of the resistance in 's. The publication provides tips for would-be hackers and phone phreaks, as well as commentary on the hacker issues of the day.

Today, copies of 2600 are sold at most large retail bookstores. The, the annual European hacker conference organized by the, is held in, Germany.

's groundbreaking science fiction novel, about 'Case', a futuristic computer hacker, is published. Considered the first major novel, it brought into hacker jargon such terms as ', 'the matrix', 'simstim', and '. 1985. is re-organized into The, and begins hundreds of throughout the United States, Canada, and Europe.

The online 'zine is established. is published in the UK. The FBI, Secret Service, Middlesex County NJ Prosecutor's Office and various local law enforcement agencies execute seven search warrants concurrently across New Jersey on July 12, 1985, seizing equipment from BBS operators and users alike for 'complicity in computer theft', under a newly passed, and yet untested criminal statute.

This is famously known as the Private Sector Bust, or the 2600 BBS Seizure, and implicated the Private Sector BBS sysop, Store Manager (also a BBS sysop), Beowulf, Red Barchetta, The Vampire, the NJ Hack Shack BBS sysop, and the Treasure Chest BBS sysop. 1986. After more and more break-ins to and computers, Congress passes the, which makes it a crime to break into computer systems. The law, however, does not cover juveniles. and are convicted of accessing the account belonging to the under the in the United Kingdom, the first conviction for illegally accessing a computer system. On appeal, the conviction is overturned as hacking is not within the legal definition of forgery.

Arrest of a hacker who calls himself The Mentor. He published a now-famous treatise shortly after his arrest that came to be known as the in the e-zine. This still serves as the most famous piece of hacker literature and is frequently used to illustrate the mindset of hackers. Astronomer plays a pivotal role in tracking down hacker, events later covered in Stoll's 1990 book.

1987. The 'worm' causes major disruption to the, and networks. 1988. The. Graduate student Robert T.

Of Cornell University launches a worm on the government's ARPAnet (precursor to the Internet). The worm spreads to 6,000 networked computers, clogging government and university systems.

Robert Morris is dismissed from Cornell, sentenced to three years probation, and fined $10,000. is the victim of $70-million computer theft. The (CERT) is created by to address. The spreads over networks. 1989.

(aka St Jude) and launch, a major '90s tech-lifestyle magazine, in. The politically motivated spreads over. Dutch magazine begins. by Clifford Stoll is published.

The detection of is the first instance of a ransomware detection. 1990s 1990. introduced. After a prolonged sting investigation, Secret Service agents swoop down on organizers and prominent members of BBSs in 14 U.S. Cities including the, conducting early-morning raids and arrests. The arrests involve and are aimed at cracking down on credit-card theft and telephone and wire fraud.

The result is a breakdown in the hacking community, with members informing on each other in exchange for immunity. The offices of are also raided, and the sourcebook is confiscated, possibly because the government fears it is a 'handbook for computer crime'. Legal battles arise that prompt the formation of the, including the trial of. Australian federal police tracking Realm members, and Nom are the first in the world to use a remote data intercept to gain evidence for a computer crime prosecution. The is passed in the United Kingdom, criminalising any unauthorised access to computer systems. 1992.

Release of the movie, in which security experts are blackmailed into stealing a universal decoder for. One of the first ISPs opens to the public. Bulgarian virus writer wrote, the first known use of, used to circumvent the type of pattern recognition used by, and nowadays also. Publication of a hacking instruction manual for penetrating credit reporting agency by Infinite Possibilities Society (IPS) gets Dr. Ripco, the sysop of Ripco BBS mentioned in the IPS manual, arrested by the. 1993.

The first hacking conference takes place in. The conference is meant to be a one-time party to say good-bye to BBSs (now replaced by the Web), but the gathering was so popular it became an annual event. gives its users access to, precipitating.

1994. Summer: Russian siphon $10 million from Citibank and transfer the money to bank accounts around the world., the 30-year-old, uses his work laptop after hours to transfer the funds to accounts in Finland and. Levin stands trial in the United States and is sentenced to three years in prison.

Authorities recover all but $400,000 of the stolen money. Hackers adapt to emergence of the quickly, moving all their how-to information and hacking programs from the old BBSs to new hacker. is released, a that allows a burgeoning community of unskilled to wreak havoc on. For days, hundreds of thousands of AOL users find their mailboxes flooded with multi-megabyte and their chat rooms disrupted with messages.

December 27: After experiencing an attack by, computer security expert started to receive prank calls that popularized the phrase '. 1995.

The movies and are released. February 22: The raids the 'Phone Masters'. 1996. Hackers alter Web sites of the (August), the (October), and the (December). Canadian hacker group, Brotherhood, breaks into the. General Accounting Office reports that hackers attempted to break into Defense Department computer files some 250,000 times in 1995 alone.

About 65 percent of the attempts were successful, according to the report. The MP3 format gains popularity in the hacker world. Many hackers begin setting up sharing sites via, and. is born with the invention of the cryptoviral extortion protocol that would later form the basis of modern.

1997. A 15-year-old youth penetrates computers at a U.S. Air Force base in. June: tests the American government's readiness against.

December: publishes first issue. First high-profile attacks on Microsoft's. In response to the popularity of sharing MP3 music files online, the Recording Industry Association of America begins cracking down on file sharing. 1998. January: notifies Internet users that anyone visiting its site in recent weeks might have downloaded a and planted by hackers claiming a 'logic bomb' will go off if computer hacker is not released from prison. February: The proposes the use of to secure.

May 19: The seven members of the hacker think tank known as testify in front of the US congressional Government Affairs committee on 'Weak Computer Security in Government'. June: Information Security publishes its first annual Industry Survey, finding that nearly three-quarters of organizations suffered a security incident in the previous year.

September:, an online political performance-, attacks the websites of, Mexican president, and the, calling it and claiming it to be a protest against the suppression of the in southern Mexico. EDT uses the FloodNet software to bombard its opponents with access requests.

October: ' announces.' 1999. goes mainstream In the wake of Microsoft's release, 1999 becomes a banner year for security (and hacking). Hundreds of advisories and patches are released in response to newfound (and widely publicized) in Windows and other commercial software products. A host of security software vendors release anti-hacking products for use on home computers. President announces a $1.46 billion initiative to improve government.

The plan would establish a network of intrusion detection monitors for certain federal agencies and encourage the private sector to do the same. January 7: The 'Legion of the Underground' (LoU) declares 'war' against the governments of Iraq and the People's Republic of China. An international coalition of hackers (including, 2600 's staff, 's staff, and the ) issued a joint statement condemning the LoU's declaration of war.

The LoU responded by withdrawing its declaration. March: The is released and quickly becomes the most costly malware outbreak to date. July: releases. August:, sentenced to 5 years, of which over 4 years had already been spent pre-trial including 8 months solitary confinement. September: hacks the 's website and places racist, anti-government slogans on embassy site in regards to.

September 16: The sentences the 'Phone Masters'. October: introduces the 'Blue', the industry's first chip-based credit card in the US. November 17: A hacker interviewed by during the radio show (then hosted by ) exposes a plot by al-Qaeda to derail trains. This results in all trains being forcibly stopped over as a safety measure. This section may require to meet Wikipedia's. The specific problem is: Section must adhere to policy Please help if you can. (June 2017) 2000.

May: The worm, also known as VBS/Loveletter and Love Bug worm, is a computer worm written in VBScript. It infected millions of computers worldwide within a few hours of its release. It is considered to be one of the most damaging worms ever. It originated in the Philippines; made by an AMA Computer College student for his thesis.

September: Computer hacker became the first juvenile to serve jail time for hacking. 2001.

Microsoft becomes the prominent victim of a new type of hack that attacks the. In these, the DNS paths that take users to Microsoft's websites are corrupted. February: A Dutch cracker releases the, initiating a wave of viruses that tempts users to open the infected attachment by promising a sexy picture of the Russian star.

April: FBI agents trick two into coming to the U.S. And revealing how they were hacking U.S. July: Russian programmer is arrested at the annual. He was the first person criminally charged with violating the (DMCA). August:, infects tens of thousands of machines. 2002. January: decrees that Microsoft will its products and services, and kicks off a massive internal and campaign.

May:, a variant of the worm discovered in November 2001, becomes the biggest outbreak in terms of machines infected, but causes little monetary damage. June: The Bush administration files a bill to create the, which, among other things, will be responsible for protecting the nation's critical. August: Researcher Chris Paget publishes a paper describing ', detailing how Windows' unauthenticated can be used to take over a machine. The paper raises questions about how securable Windows could ever be.

It is however largely derided as irrelevant as the vulnerabilities it described are caused by vulnerable applications (placing windows on the desktop with inappropriate privileges) rather than an inherent flaw within the Operating System. October: The - (ISC)² - confers its 10,000th certification. 2003. The hacktivist group was formed. March: and are given permission by the to export software utilizing strong encryption. 2004.

July: North Korea claims to have trained 500 hackers who successfully crack South Korean, Japanese, and their allies' computer systems. 2005. April 2: (aka ), a notorious member of the hacking group World of Hell, is arrested following his arrival at Miami International Airport for breaking into the computer system on June 2001.

September 13: is sentenced to 11 months for gaining access to 's network and exploiting 's. November 3:, whom prosecutors say was a member of the 'Botmaster Underground', a group of mostly noted for their excessive use of and propagating vast amounts of, was taken into custody after being lured to FBI offices in Los Angeles.

2006. January: One of the few worms to take after the old form of malware, destruction of data rather than the accumulation of zombie networks to launch attacks from, is discovered. It had various names, including (used by most media reports), Black Worm, Mywife, Blackmal, Nyxem version D, Kapser, KillAV, Grew and CME-24.

The worm would spread through e-mail client address books, and would search for documents and fill them with garbage, instead of deleting them to confuse the user. It would also hit a web page counter when it took control, allowing the programmer who created it as well as the world to track the progress of the worm. It would replace documents with random garbage on the third of every month. It was hyped by the media but actually affected relatively few computers, and was not a real threat for most users. May: Jeanson James Ancheta receives a 57-month prison sentence, and is ordered to pay damages amounting to $15,000.00 to the Naval Air Warfare Center in China Lake and the Defense Information Systems Agency, for damage done due to DDoS attacks and hacking.

Ancheta also had to forfeit his gains to the government, which include $60,000 in cash, a BMW, and computer equipment. May: The largest defacement in Web History as of that time is performed by the hacker iSKORPiTX who successfully hacked 21,549 websites in one shot. July: Robert Moore and Edwin Pena featured on with presenting their case commit the first VoIP crime ever seen in the USA. Robert Moore served 2 years in federal prison with a $152,000.00 restitution while Edwin Pena was sentenced to 10 years and a $1 million restitution. September: Viodentia releases FairUse4WM tool which would remove information off (WMA) files downloaded from music services such as Yahoo! Unlimited, Napster, Rhapsody Music and Urge. 2007.

May 17: recovers from massive denial-of-service attack. June 13: FBI finds over 1 million botnet victims. June 21: A incident at the steals sensitive U.S.

Defense information, leading to significant changes in identity and message-source verification at OSD. August 11: website hacked by Turkish Hacker Kerem125.

2008. January 17:; attacks Scientology website servers around the world. Private documents are stolen from Scientology computers and distributed over the Internet. March 7: Around 20 Chinese hackers claim to have gained access to the world's most sensitive sites, including. They operated from an apartment on a Chinese Island.

March 14: website successfully hacked by Turkish hacker Janizary (aka Utku). 2009. April 4: worm infiltrated millions of PCs worldwide including many government-level top-security computer networks.

This section may require to meet Wikipedia's. The specific problem is: Section must adhere to policy Please help if you can.

(June 2017) 2010. January 12: Google publicly reveals that it has been on the receiving end of a 'highly sophisticated and targeted attack on our corporate infrastructure originating from China that resulted in the theft of intellectual property from Google'.

June: The Stuxnet worm is found by VirusBlokAda. Stuxnet was unusual in that while it spread via Windows computers, its payload targeted just one specific model and type of systems. It slowly became clear that it was a cyber attack on Iran's nuclear facilities - with most experts believing that Israel was behind it - perhaps with US help. December 3: The first Malware Conference, took place in India. Founded by Rajshekhar Murthy, malware coders are invited to showcase their skills at this annual event supported by the Government of India.

An advanced malware for is released by hacker A0drul3z. 2011.

The hacker group is formed. April 9: website got hacked by a Turkish hacker named JeOPaRDY. An estimated 85,000 credit card numbers and accounts were reported to have been stolen due to the hack. Bank officials say no personal customer bank information is available on that web-page.

Investigations are being conducted by the FBI to trace down the incriminated hacker. April 17: An ' sends the offline, and compromises personally identifying information (possibly including credit card details) of its 77 million accounts, in what is claimed to be one of the five largest ever. Computer hacker sl1nk releases information of his penetration in the servers of the Department of Defense (DoD), Pentagon, NASA, NSA, US Military, Department of the Navy, Space and Naval Warfare System Command and other UK/US government websites. September: Bangladeshi hacker TiGER-M@TE made a world record in defacement history by hacking 700,000 websites in a single shot.

October 16: The channel of was hacked, streaming pornographic content for about 22 minutes. November 1: The main phone and Internet networks of the sustained a hacker attack from multiple locations worldwide. November 7: The forums for 's service were hacked. Redirects for a hacking website, Fkn0wned, appeared on the Steam users' forums, offering 'hacking tutorials and tools, porn, free giveaways and much more.' .

December 14: Five members of the Norwegian hacker group was arrested, allegedly suspected for hacking into the email account of the militant extremist (who perpetrated the in the country). 2012.

A hacker, 0XOMAR, published over 400,000 credit cards online, and threatened to release 1 million credit cards in the future. In response to that incident, an Israeli hacker published over 200 Saudi's credit cards online. January 7: 'Team Appunity', a group of Norwegian hackers, got arrested for breaking into and publishing the user database of Norway's largest prostitution website. February 3: was hacked by a ideologist, Attila Nemeth who was resisting against the where he said that corporations are allegedly controlling the world.

As a response Marriott reported him to the United States Secret Service. February 8: is hacked by a hacker group, 'Swagg Security', releasing a massive amount of data including email and server logins, and even more alarming - bank account credentials of large companies like Apple and Microsoft. Swagg Security stages the attack just as a Foxconn protest ignites against terrible working conditions in southern China. May 24: WHMCS is hacked by, they claim that the reason for this is because of the illegal sites that are using their software.

May 31: is hacked by newly founded hacker group, the website was defaced for about a day, they claim their reasoning for this was because they were upset that the forum board Hackforums.net uses their software. June 5: The social networking website has been and the passwords for nearly 6.5 million user accounts are stolen by cybercriminals. As a result, a United States grand jury indicted Nikulin and three unnamed co-conspirators on charges of aggravated identity theft and computer intrusion. August 15: The most valuable company in the world is crippled by a cyber warfare attack for months by malware called.

Considered the biggest hack in history in terms of cost and destructiveness. Carried out by an Iranian attacker group called Cutting Sword of Justice. Iranian hackers retaliated against Stuxnet by releasing Shamoon. The malware destroyed over 35,000 Aramco computers, affecting business operations for months. December 17: Computer hacker sl1nk announced that he has hacked a total of 9 countries' systems. The proof includes 6 countries: France, Norway, Russia, Spain, Sweden and the United States.

2013. The social networking website is attacked by hackers. Consequently, 65,469,298 unique emails and passwords were leaked from Tumblr.

The data breach's legitimacy is confirmed by computer security researcher. 2014. February 7: The exchange filed for bankruptcy after $460 million was apparently stolen by hackers due to 'weaknesses in their system' and another $27.4 million went missing from its bank accounts. October: The White House computer system was hacked.

It was said that the FBI, the Secret Service, and other U.S. Intelligence agencies categorized the attacks 'among the most sophisticated attacks ever launched against U.S.

Government systems.' . November 24: In response to the release of the film, the servers of are by a hacker group calling itself 'Guardian of Peace'. November 28: The website of the Philippine telecommunications company was hacked in response to the poor internet service they are distributing. 2015. June: the records of 21.5 million people, including social security numbers, dates of birth, addresses, fingerprints, and security-clearance-related information, are.

Most of the victims are employees of the United States government and unsuccessful applicants to it. The and the report that government sources believe the hacker is the government of China.

July: The servers of extramaritial affairs website were. 2016. February: The attempted to take US$951 million from, and succeeded in getting $101 million - although some of this was later recovered.

July 22: published the documents from the. July 29: a group suspected coming from China launched hacker. September: Hacker Ardit Ferizi is sentenced to 20 years in prison after being arrested for hacking U.S. Servers and passing the leaked information to members of terrorist group back in 2015. October: The is being conducted with a botnet consisting of IOTs infected with by the hacktivist groups SpainSquad, Anonymous, and New World Hackers, reportedly in retaliation for 's rescinding Internet access to founder at their, where he has been granted.

2017. February: The bug was discovered by Google.

April: A hacker group calling itself 'The Dark Overlord' posted unreleased episodes of TV series online after they failed to extort online entertainment company. May: started on Friday, 12 May 2017, and has been described as unprecedented in scale, infecting more than 230,000 computers in over 150 countries.

May: 25,000 digital photos and ID scans relating to patients of the Grozio Chirurgija clinic in were obtained and published without consent by an unknown group demanding ransoms. Thousands of clients from more than 60 countries were affected. The breach turned attention to weaknesses in Lithuania's information security. May–July 2017:.

September 2017:. See also. References. Marks, Paul (December 27, 2011).

Enigma-tv Windows Server Crack

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Retrieved 22 October 2016. Mussa, Matthew (2017-04-30). Retrieved 2017-07-01. Brenner, Bill (2017-05-16). Naked Security. Retrieved 2017-05-18.

Retrieved 2017-05-18. ^ Hern, Alex (1970-01-01). Retrieved 2017-05-31. Retrieved 2017-05-31. Archived from on 2017-05-31. Retrieved 2017-05-31.

27 June 2017. Retrieved 27 June 2017. Haselton, Todd (2017-09-07).

Retrieved 2017-10-16. Hopkins, Nick (25 September 2017). Retrieved 16 October 2017.

Further reading. Lundell, Allan (1989).

The secret world of computer invaders that breed and destroy. Landreth, Bill (1985). Out of the Inner Circle.

Tempus Books of Microsoft Press. Owen Bowcott and Sally Hamilton (1990). Beating the System: Hackers, phreakers and electronic spies. Philip Fites, Peter Johnston and Martin Kratz (1989). The computer virus crisis.

Van Nostrand Reinhold. Sterling, Bruce (1992). The Hacker Crackdown: Law and disorder on the electronic frontier.

Gold, Steve (1989). Hugo Cornwall's New Hacker's Handbook. London: Century Hutchinson Ltd.